Suchergebnisse

Historically, Estonia has suffered many years of hostilities inflicted by Russia, with Russia being a constant threat towards the nation's identity and sovereignty, including the loss of its independence and coming under and enduring belligerent Russian occupation. Recently, Moscow's policy escalated by their unilaterally using military power against Ukraine in an attempt to subordinate the nation while harbouring desires to restore their sphere of influence. 2022's aggression came as no surprise to Tallinn, as the nation's leadership had issued warnings about Russia's intentions, based on understanding its nature and being aware of what a so-called "Russian world" means. This article aims to focus on presenting the impact of Russian aggression against Ukraine on Estonia within three domains of understanding; those of the political, public, and military, and the author will use scientific methods including the collection of original data and a systematic review of existing literature and studies, along with analyses, syntheses, and elements of comparative analysis. The case study, of course, concerns Estonia. The research contends that the Russian Federation is and will continue to be considered an existential threat, one which carries out both continuous and decisive non-military and military activities against its neighbours. These activities require Estonia to improve internal security with the need of regional and international support.

The paper aims to analyse the status and challenges related to the land corridors of the visionary 'One Belt, One Road' concept promoted by China. Its importance is connected with the global reach creating enormous opportunities for involved nations, and the thesis is that it will continue although there are significant obstacles to specific land corridors. The paper utilises qualitative research based on official documents and data related to the project applying analysis, critical synthesis, desk research, and comparative studies methods. Quantitative data are used only for case studies. The paper will allow comprehending the respective corridors and the whole project concerning security and corresponding nations' interests.

The threats to European security have become the subject of discussions and actions taken by states and NATO because of using military forces Russia's to change state borders after 2008. In response to the new situation, deterrence, building national and strategic resilience to military and non-military threats have gained importance again. It was especially true regarding NATO's eastern flank as being directly threatened by the possibility of hybrid and potentially military engagements. The article aims to present the implementation of deterrence and strategic resilience concepts, especially concerning the activities of NATO and the Baltic countries. A preliminary assessment shows that the arrangements are adequate but require further actions and investments. The article was developed utilizing qualitative methods of analysis, synthesis and case study referring to the theory and practice of the deliberated issues.

The substantial deterioration of the security environment after Russian aggression against Ukraine and the illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014 was a catalyst for significant changes in the Nordic states' approach to security and defence. Common perceptions of the Russian threat focused defence policies of the Nordic states around rebuilding total defence capabilities, which would combine military and civilian efforts. Besides these efforts to reinforce national capacity to defend against an armed attack, the Nordic states increased regional security and defence cooperation, along with cooperation with NATO, the EU and the United States. The article explores the developments in defence policies of the Nordic states that were a result of changes in the security environment caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine and the illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014. It tries to discuss differences in national threat assessment, and then compare and contrast unique national approaches to defence policies that were adopted by the Nordic states. The conclusion conceptualizes unique features of the Nordic approach to defence stemming from the common threat to their security.

<i>The term 'hybrid warfare' proved to be very popular among academics, military thinkers
and professionals leading to a variety of definitions and approaches. It was linked with
the new generation concept popularised by Russian military thought. The essence of the
hybridity is not new, as using a combination of military and non-military instruments is
as old as mankind and is recognised but interpreted differently. The paper examines both
the concept and its implementation based on case studies and theoretical considerations. It
debates possible ways of using it to confront targeted nations by a combination of a variety
of tools and approaches.</i>

Motivation: The security environment is evolving globally and more attention is given for other than military threats. They are major concern related to internal and external security of any country as their nature is complex and it is evolving crossing national borders. Globalization is one of processes enabling freedom of operations for criminal, terrorist and other dangerous movements endangering security environment and economy. The 'One Belt, One Road' concept, promoted by China, is vulnerable for attacks along land and sea legs. To face threats an international cooperation of involved countries must create opportunities to counter all illegal acts.Aim: The aim of the paper is to study security threats influencing security of economy processes by analysing the 'One Belt, One Road' concept. In the paper theoretical methods have been adopted.Results: The research allowed drawing conclusions related to ways of overcoming the threats toward supply chains caused by evolving security environment based on the risks related to the 'One Belt, One Road' concept.

Motivation: The security environment is evolving globally and more attention is given for other than military threats. They are major concern related to internal and external security of any country as their nature is complex and it is evolving crossing national borders. Globalization is one of processes enabling freedom of operations for criminal, terrorist and other dangerous movements endangering security environment and economy. The 'One Belt, One Road' concept, promoted by China, is vulnerable for attacks along land and sea legs. To face threats an international cooperation of involved countries must create opportunities to counter all illegal acts.Aim: The aim of the paper is to study security threats influencing security of economy processes by analysing the 'One Belt, One Road' concept. In the paper theoretical methods have been adopted.Results: The research allowed drawing conclusions related to ways of overcoming the threats toward supply chains caused by evolving security environment based on the risks related to the 'One Belt, One Road' concept.

<i>The Arctic area with its harsh climate and austere icecap has not raised any great international passions in the past. However, enduring global warming has opened new views on exploitation of that area. If the climate gets steadily warmer in the future, it could mean the opening of the Northwest Passage for ship routes. On the other hand, it is estimated that the region has got remarkable gas reserves, which could amount to as much as 30 % of the world's undiscovered reserves, as well as oil, which encompasses some 13 % of world's undiscovered stocks. As for now, any serious international conflicts in this area are not likely, even though there are real expectations and claims imposed by several nations. The current peaceful cooperation is supported by feasible treaties that are already in place. Until lately, the work of the Arctic Council has not raised any great international attentiveness, but the expected development in the area has activated stronger interest from many countries, and not only those from the Arctic region. There are several regional disputes among the five states, USA, Canada, Russia, Norway and Denmark about the Arctic Ocean. As expert opinion still differs quite significantly about the resources available in the Arctic region and about the feasibility of the Northwest and Northeast routes, it is hard to say if there are any practical economic gains to be achieved. Although cooperation between the nations has been peaceful, the military presence in the area is increasing. Moreover, it remains to be seen how the recent Ukrainian crisis will affect the development in the area.</i>

Poland's power plays an important role in building the image and international position of the country in the region. It is a good starting point to conduct a proactive policy, which gives Poland the opportunity to act on behalf or in defence of smaller regional neighbours. This, of course, can increase Poland's own significance and potentially opens new political opportunities to contribute to the realization of its own geostrategic interests and goals; in this sense, broadening its influence. It is therefore worth analysing the roles that Poland plays within its region and find the answer to the question of how its position evolves, and to what extent regional roles have an impact on the international position and strength of the state in the European Union. The paper argues that Poland does not effectively exploit cooperation in regional organizations. Thus, its role remains below its own capabilities and it is inferior to the nation's ambitions. Nevertheless, there is still potential to strengthen the state's position and its international role in the European Union and beyond.

Poland's power plays an important role in building the image and international position of the country in the region. It is a good starting point to conduct a proactive policy, which gives Poland the opportunity to act on behalf or in defence of smaller regional neighbours. This, of course, can increase Poland's own significance and potentially opens new political opportunities to contribute to the realization of its own geostrategic interests and goals; in this sense, broadening its influence. It is therefore worth analysing the roles that Poland plays within its region and find the answer to the question of how its position evolves, and to what extent regional roles have an impact on the international position and strength of the state in the European Union. The paper argues that Poland does not effectively exploit cooperation in regional organizations. Thus, its role remains below its own capabilities and it is inferior to the nation's ambitions. Nevertheless, there is still potential to strengthen the state's position and its international role in the European Union and beyond. ; Siła Polski i jej znaczenie w regionie odgrywa ważną rolę w budowaniu wizerunku i międzynarodowej pozycji kraju. To dobry punkt wyjścia do prowadzenia aktywnej polityki, która daje Polsce możliwość działania w imieniu lub w obronie mniejszych sąsiadów. To oczywiście może zwiększyć znaczenie Polski i potencjalnie otwiera nowe możliwości polityczne dla przyczyniania się do realizacji własnych interesów i celów geostrategicznych. Warto zatem przeanalizować role, jakie Polska odgrywa w swoim regionie i znaleźć odpowiedź na pytanie, jak ewoluowała jej pozycja i w jakim stopniu role regionalne wpływają na pozycję międzynarodową i siłę państwa w Unii Europejskiej. Artykuł argumentuje, że współpraca w ramach organizacji regionalnych nie jest przez Polskę efektywnie wykorzystywana, a jej rola jest poniżej jej własnych możliwości i ambicji narodu. Niemniej jednak nadal istnieje potencjał do wzmocnienia pozycji państwa, a tym samym pozytywnego ...

Poland's power plays an important role in building the image and international position of the country in the region. It is a good starting point to conduct a proactive policy, which gives Poland the opportunity to act on behalf or in defence of smaller regional neighbours. This, of course, can increase Poland's own significance and potentially opens new political opportunities to contribute to the realization of its own geostrategic interests and goals; in this sense, broadening its influence. It is therefore worth analysing the roles that Poland plays within its region and find the answer to the question of how its position evolves, and to what extent regional roles have an impact on the international position and strength of the state in the European Union. The paper argues that Poland does not effectively exploit cooperation in regional organizations. Thus, its role remains below its own capabilities and it is inferior to the nation's ambitions. Nevertheless, there is still potential to strengthen the state's position and its international role in the European Union and beyond. ; Siła Polski i jej znaczenie w regionie odgrywa ważną rolę w budowaniu wizerunku i międzynarodowej pozycji kraju. To dobry punkt wyjścia do prowadzenia aktywnej polityki, która daje Polsce możliwość działania w imieniu lub w obronie mniejszych sąsiadów. To oczywiście może zwiększyć znaczenie Polski i potencjalnie otwiera nowe możliwości polityczne dla przyczyniania się do realizacji własnych interesów i celów geostrategicznych. Warto zatem przeanalizować role, jakie Polska odgrywa w swoim regionie i znaleźć odpowiedź na pytanie, jak ewoluowała jej pozycja i w jakim stopniu role regionalne wpływają na pozycję międzynarodową i siłę państwa w Unii Europejskiej. Artykuł argumentuje, że współpraca w ramach organizacji regionalnych nie jest przez Polskę efektywnie wykorzystywana, a jej rola jest poniżej jej własnych możliwości i ambicji narodu. Niemniej jednak nadal istnieje potencjał do wzmocnienia pozycji państwa, a tym samym pozytywnego ...